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Bilirubin is a metabolic end product degraded under the action of heme oxygenase.It is an endogenous antioxidant and has the function of anti-atherosclerosis, clearing free radicals and protecting the tissues and organs of the body.This article reviews the metabolism and biological characteristics of bilirubin, and the correlations between bilirubin and vascular risk factors, as well as between bilirubin and ischemic stroke.
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Objective·To study the change of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (cEPCs) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients within one week after attack,and the correlation of cEPCs with the prognosis.Methods·Ninty-two patients with AIS (AIS group) and 20 patients with risk factors (Risk group) were recruited.The proportion of cEPCs (CD34TKDR+ cells) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AIS patients was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) on the first day of admission and the seventh day after attack.Functional recovery was assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on the 90th day after onset.The cEPCs percentages of AIS patients with different mRS were compared to analyze their correlation.Results·Compared with Risk group,cEPCs percentage of AIS group on the 1st day of admission was lower (P=0.016).In AIS group,compared with poor prognosis group (mRS＞2),eEPCs percentage of good prognosis group on the 7th day after onset (mRS ≤ 2) elevates (P=0.002).The result of multiple linear regression showed that cEPCs percentage on the 7th day after onset was positively correlated with mRS on the 90th day (t=4.608,P=0.011).Conclusion·The percentage of cEPCs in peripheral blood of AIS patients decreases significantly during the acute phase.The percentage on the 7th day after onset is correlated with prognosis of AIS patients.
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Apelin is the endogenous ligand of a G protein-coupled receptor called APJ, its propeptide is an X-linked and coded peptide with 77 amino acids. Apelin/apelin receptor system is widely distributed in the body and is involved in various physiological and pathological regulations. It has been demonstrated that apelin is associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases, including angiocardiopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, nephropathy, cancer, endocrine disease, and so on. Currently, studies on apelin in nervous system have been developed gradually. This article focuses on apelin and summarizes the distribution and pathophysiological roles of apelin in nervous system, as well as in the occurrence and development of diseases associated with nervous system.
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Objective · To study the metabolite profiles on patients of ischemic stroke using metabonomics approach. Methods · The serum samples from the 29 patients with ischemic stroke and 31 healthy controls were analyzed by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) coupled multi-dimensional statistical methods to find differential metabolites in two groups. Results · Orthogonal partial least squares analysis (OPLS) model was generated based on identified metabolites and shown clear discrimination from patients and healthy controls. Some serum metabolite levels were significantly altered in patients. Six up-regulated metabolites included γ- aminobutyric acid, glutaric acid, glyceric acid, gluconic acid, lactobionic acid, and cholesterol, and nineteen down-regulated metabolites included citric acid, aconitic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, β-alanine, and glycerol-3-phosphate. Conclusion · Amino acid metabolism, glycometabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are disturbed in patient of ischemic stroke. The metabonomic approach has great potential to understand the underlying mechanisms of stroke in ischemic patients.
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Cerebral small vessel disease is common and is gradually being understood,but it is difficult to visualize directly in the body.The retinal vessels share the similar anatomic,physiological,and embryological characteristics with the cerebral small vessels.Their changes may reflect the changes of cerebral small vessels in a certain extent.Studies in recent years have shown that retinal vascular abnormalities are associated with lacunar infarction and white matter lesions.This article summarizes the research evidence of the correlation of between retinal vascular abnormalities and cerebral small vessel disease.
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Objective To investigate the chemical preventive effect of matrine on ethyl nitrate nitroguanidine nitrate induced gastric cancer in rats. Methods 100 male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups,each had 25 rats ,treated with different drugs respectively.Rats in the negative control group (group A)freely drunk water;each rat in gastric carcer model group (group B)drunk ethyl nitrate nitroguanidine nitrate (ENNG)1.5 mg/d by themselves;gastric cancer model rats of experimental group (group C)drunk matrine 150 mg/(kg · d)ethyl nitrate nitroguanidine nitrate (ENNG)150mg/(kg·d)by themselves;negative control group (group D)rats drunk matrine for injection 150 mg/(kg·d)by themselves.Rats were killed after 24 weeks,rats were observed on gastric mucosa change by naked eye and microscope ,and detected proliferating cell nucleus antigen (PCNA)of stomach tissue ,levels of serum transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1 )and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2).Results Canceration rate [64.00% (16/25)]of the rat gastric mucosa in Group B was significantly higher than that in group C [12.00% (3/25)],and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05 );PCNA,TGF-β1 and the Bcl-2 level of rats in group C was lower than those in group B,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05 );after raising 24 weeks,change rate of gastric mucosa atrophy and hyperplasia in group B were significantly higher than those of group C,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05 );after raising 24 weeks,there was no cancerous changes on gastric mucosa in group A and D ,and the change of gastric mucosa atrophy and hyperplasia had no obvious difference,there was no statistically significant difference.Conclusion Matrine could inhibit rat gastric cancer induced by ENNG by lowering PCNA,TGF-β1 and the Bcl-2 levels,which provides evidence for the potential chemical preventive effect on human gastric cancer.
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Objective To explore the effects of different doses of topiramate (TPM) on the expression of nerve cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP- 43) mRNA in hippocampus of rats with epilepsy. MethodsForty-eight rats were randomly divided into normal control group, kainic acid (KA) group, 10 mg/kg TPM group, 40 mg/kg TPM group, 100 mg/kg TPM group and 400 mg/kg TPM group (n=8). The models of rats with epilepsy treated by different doses of TPM were established. The behavior of rats was observed, and the expression of NCAM and GAP- 43 mRNA in hippocampus of rats was determined by Real-time PCR. Results The expression of NCAM and GAP- 43 mRNA in KA group was significantly higher than that in normal control group (P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between 10 and 40 mg/kg TPM groups and KA group, that in 100 and 400 mg/kg TPM groups was significantly lower than that in KA group (P<0.01), and that in 400 mg/kg TPM group was significantly lower than that in 100 mg/kg TPM group (P<0.01). Conclusion KA can up-regulate the expression of NCAM and GAP- 43 mRNA in hippocampus of rats with epilepsy. Higher dose of TPM can inhibit the expression of NCAM and GAP- 43 mRNA, and the inhibitory effect is related with the dose of TPM.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore the changes of serum phenytoin levels and its pharmacokinetics in menstrual epilepsy.METHODS:9cases of menstrual epilepsy patients who were treated with phenytoin were collected,whose blood concentra?tions of phenytoin in menstrual period and ovulation period were respectively determined by HPLC,pharmacokinetics study was performed in three of them.RESULTS:The mean serum phenytoin levels in menstrual period and ovulation period were(9.25?2.71)?g/ml and(13.33?3.22)?g/ml,respectively(P